lib: Fix a few bugs in trailing_strtoln()

At present this has a minor bug in that it reads the byte before the
start of the string, if it is empty. Also it doesn't handle a
non-numeric prefix which is only one character long.

Fix these bugs with a reworked implementation. Add a test for the second
case. The first one is hard to test.

Signed-off-by: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>